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Commemorating ‘Sayfo’: The untold genocide of the Aramean Christians
Every year on June 15, the small Aramean community in Israel and across the globe commemorates the “Sayfo,” the untold genocide of their ancestors, which took place over a century ago under Ottoman rule.
The Jerusalem Post reached out to Shadi Khalloul, an Aramean activist and educator from the northern community of Gush Halav (Jish), to hear more about the tragic affair and the community today.
“Our memorial day is very similar to Holocaust Memorial Day,” explained Khalloul. “We hold commemorative ceremonies and learn about the history of our people and the hardships they faced.
“The meaning of the word Sayfo is ‘sword,’” he continued. “On this occasion, we remember the hundreds of thousands of Arameans who were murdered by the Ottomans and all kinds of criminals who were released from prisons and carried out the ethnic cleansing in our villages, pillaged them and took away our land and properties.”The Sayfo is less known than its Armenian counterpart, despite the fact that it took place in the same period of time, by the same perpetrators, and for the same reasons.
“Though a more ‘silent’ ethnic cleansing of our people by the Ottomans began as early as 1895, when World War I broke out, the Ottomans accelerated their actions in their effort to purge the areas under their control of any trace of millions of the indigenous Christian populations,” added Khalloul.
“This includes Armenians, Pontic Greek, and even the Maronites of Lebanon, who faced systemic starvation in the disaster known in Aramaic as ‘Kafno’, or ‘the hunger.'”
Who exactly are the Arameans?
“The Arameans are a Semitic people who attribute their past to Aram, the son of Shem who was son of Noah. We are also related to the patriarchs and matriarchs of the Jewish nation, as Abraham, Rivka, Leah, Rachel – all of them are mentioned in the Bible as Aramean.
“Originally, we lived in what is now Southeast Turkey and the Northern part of the Levant. There were several historical Aramean kingdoms, including Aram Zoba, Aram Naharayim, and others, including Tadmor, which is now known as Palmyra in Syria, most of them following a polytheistic religion.
“Our forefathers accepted Christianity very early on, as Jesus himself spoke Aramaic, just like them. According to tradition, St. Peter himself, who was from Galilee, founded the first church in Antioch, and to this day, the patriarch in Lebanon is called Butrus after him.
Over time, we split into different denominations, and today, there are several ones with varying names, including Maronites, Syriac, Assyrian, Chaldeans, and others. Some of us use Aramaic as a liturgical language, and others even as their daily spoken language. So yes, we have our own customs, a flag, and even a sense of collective memory as persecuted people who went through hardships and massacres.”
Can you tell us more about the events of the Sayfo?
“The Ottomans allegedly ‘feared’ that the Christians in areas under their control would pose a threat by drawing Western powers, and therefore they decided that the ‘threat’ must be removed. World War I was a time of great chaos which allowed for many atrocities to be committed. Interestingly, there are even accounts that German officers, who were allied with the Ottomans, advised them on the best methods to carry out these acts of ethnic cleansing and genocide.
“The acts themselves were horrid. There were deadly incursions into villages, forced marches into the desert without water and under a scorching sun. There was rape, of course, and intimidation with piles of skulls. There was abuse, torture, and starvation. In some instances, they took the men and placed them on the war fronts as cannon fodder.
“We heard many stories of the Sayfo in my family. My father’s aunt hid her husband at home, and the Ottomans tied her legs to a horse and dragged her in the village streets so that she would admit where her husband was. She was pregnant and miscarried and has not had any children since then. In the end she died when she was 95 years old, and I remember her telling us what the Ottomans did. My grandfather would always curse the Ottomans, like Jews curse the Nazis to this day for what they did to them. When Israel came along and gave them freedom, they praised Israel with all their heart.”
What are the current prospects with the Turkish state?
“The Arameans, just like the Armenians, have asked the Turkish state to take responsibility for these actions. This is not meant to harm them, but rather to bring about justice and reconciliation, because without recognition it is impossible to correct things and turn a new page. The Germans also did what they did brutally but eventually recognized it and compensated their victims. So far, the Turkish state has denied these atrocities, unfortunately, some even indicating that they would do it again.”
Discovering my own identity
Khalloul said that as a child, he was always told that his identity was that of a Maronite from Biram. “I didn’t really understand what it meant. Growing up during the First Lebanon War, I also knew that the Maronites were fighting alongside Israel against the Palestinians.
“There was this child in my class, his name was Ayman Odeh. When we were in the 8th grade, he became an extreme communist activist and would tell me that we were ‘traitors.’ But I was actually proud of the fact that we were fighting a common enemy with the Jews.
“Eventually I told myself that I must understand my past better. One day my brother came back from church and said that our priest had just gotten back from Lebanon, studied Aramaic, and introduced our old-new identity as Arameans. For me it was even more confusing. I always thought we belonged to a different religious minority, but now I suddenly found out that we were also from a different nation or ethnic group.
“So we borrowed history books from the church, where we discovered the history which no one has ever taught us at the Arab schools we attended. It was as if a completely different world was revealed to me: we have a history, an identity, a nationality, an ethnicity – not just a religion. I still remember the excitement of discovering it.”
Later on in line, after finishing his military service as a paratrooper, Khalloul moved to the US where he studied international business administration and finance. “I was ready to build my American dream,” he added, smiling.
In his last semester, Khalloul had to enroll in an advanced English course. “It was either Shakespeare or a course named ‘The Bible as English Literature.’ I said I would take the Bible because I feel closer to that.
One day, one of the students was reading from the New Testament, saying: ‘Talitha Komi.’ The professor stopped her and said that this sentence had remained in Aramaic even in the English translation of the Bible, which was the language of Jesus. He also said that ‘unfortunately, the language is now extinct.’
“I felt as if I had been slapped in the face. I intervened and told him: ‘What do you mean by extinct? We still pray in Aramaic, we have newspapers, TV stations, we will not disappear. We still exist.’ When he asked me who I was, I told him that I am an Israeli Maronite Aramean. He answered, ‘I’m sorry, I’ve never heard about this group. Now please prepare a presentation about the topic for the next class.
“At first, I thought to myself ‘why did I have to open my mouth,’ but then I contacted my brother and got some materials and prepared a presentation. Everyone listened and were truly intrigued, and I chose to finish class by teaching the students the famous Lord’s Prayer in Aramaic, the original language in which Jesus recited it. Suddenly people started crying, they wanted to touch me as if I came from another world. They asked: how can you help your people, your language, your community?
“I asked myself: why do these Americans want to help my community? I wanted to go away and build my American dream, and here they want to help the place where I come from? The experience was like a revelation to me.”
Khalloul decided to go back to Israel and establish the Israeli Christian Aramaic Association. As a group interested in reinforcing their collective identity, they turned to the Ministry of Education, where they received permission from then minister Gideon Sa’ar to open a school where they taught grades 1-8, much to the dismay of Arab Members of Knesset. “(MK Ahmed) Tibi and (MK Ayman) Odeh decided we were traitors and attacked us. But it did not stop us. We set up an Aramean summer camp, and I also promoted recruitment for the Aramean community to the IDF. In my view, we must cultivate and strengthen our community’s sense of collective identity not to seclude ourselves, but rather to fit in and take part in our societies.”
Historical recognition and challenges on the way
Khalloul had an educational goal to his activism: to open a joint Christian-Aramaic-Jewish ‘mechina’ (pre-military institution). “It had a twofold purpose: for our Aramean youth to strengthen the sense of Israeli-ness, the Hebrew language, understanding of the Israeli culture and the Jewish majority; and for the Jewish youth to learn about us, our history and our culture. The mechina runs now for the eighth consecutive year, contributing to both sides who engage in mutual learning.”
Khalloul’s activism reached its peak with a historical decision by the Israeli government to recognize Arameans as a nationality in official registrations. “In 2014 I convinced the government and the Minister of the Interior Gideon Sa’ar to recognize the Armenian nationality in the State of Israel,” Khalloul said excitedly.
“This effort entailed acquiring three independent opinions from the Universities of Haifa, Tel Aviv and Bar Ilan. It was a historic step and a huge achievement, not just a superficial or semantic one. Because, in the deepest sense, once the state recognizes your nationality, it also recognizes your needs as a community, including educational, cultural and budgetary ones. We also hope that this recognition will be followed by a formal recognition of the Sayfo,” Khalloul added.
Here too, Arab MKs attacked and incited against them, but Khalloul and his colleagues continued their hard work.
Today there are between 15-25 thousand Arameans in Israel, all entitled to correct their formal registration, though a series of bureaucratic barriers still remains to be solved.
For this reason, Khalloul still finds himself lobbying in the Knesset amongst both right- and left-wing parliamentarians, describing he finds both sides of the aisle to be understanding and attentive. “Who knows, maybe Arameans will eventually be the ones to unite the Jews from the left and right,” he added laughingly.
Another challenge faced by the Aramean community and a focal point for Khalloul’s activism is the issue of Biram, the only Maronite village to have existed in Israel. In 1948, residents of the village were evacuated to nearby Gush Halav (Jish) from the border area with Lebanon due to dangers posed from the border during the war, and Israeli authorities had promised villagers that they will return to their homes once the situation calmed down – a promise not kept thus far.
“Then president Haim Weizman even sent a letter to Maronite Patriarch Antonius Arida writing that he has no intention of dispossessing ‘his sons’ of their lands,” added Khalloul.
There were many attempts to settle the issue. Already in 1952, a supreme court order called on the government to allow the return to houses that were still standing, “but inner fighting between parties brought the issue to a halt. Menachem Begin once went up to the stage of the Knesset and promised to return the people of Biram if he were elected, and even pledged to buy half a dunum and come to live with us,” Khalloul added bitterly.
“There was a petition circling that asked the Israeli government to recruit Arameans to mandatory conscription and in return they will protect the northern border in their village of Biram. However, a 1995 committee concluded on the story of Biram that the villagers should be compensated with 600 dunams in a nearby area to build a new town. In 1998 The Ministry of Defense had a plan to build a new Biram, including a neighborhood for the Southern Lebanon Army soldiers who were expected to immigrate to Israel, but that did not happen either.”
Khalloul revealed that during World War II, Biram was a strategic location where Jews who escaped the holocaust in Europe and the riots in Arab countries such as Iraq and Syria were smuggled through en route to the Jewish Agency offices in Haifa. “This is our humble contribution to saving some of the Jews from the Holocaust,” he added.
Khalloul now lobbies for the state to keep its promise to the Aramean minority, believing that an establishment of an Aramean-Maronite town in Israel would not only be just but also a strategic blow for Hezbollah and other war-mongering groups in the area, as he described them.
“This will completely dismantle the line of violent so-called ‘resistance’ that Hezbollah talks about. It would signal to Maronites in Lebanon that it is possible to build trust between them and Israel, as well as with all the minorities in the area who want to live in peace. It would strengthen the line that seeks dialogue and brings results by peace, as opposed to Nasrallah’s war strategy.”
Are you in contact with other Aramean minorities, or are you more of a secluded community?
“Actually, we’re the ones living openly, while our brethren from across the border are the secluded ones, unable to contact us due to fear of being persecuted. In Israel we live freely, in a democratic society, we enjoy freedom of speech and worship. I myself was an officer in the army, I commanded Jewish soldiers and gave them orders. Where else can you find that? This is the freedom of Christians in Israel.
“Our brothers and sisters on the other side are forced to keep silent out of fear because they live under the Iranian occupation of Lebanon through Hezbollah, and they are not allowed to talk to their Maronite brothers in Israel because they will be accused of being ‘traitors’ or ‘spies.’ Even those who want contact with us do so through a third person living somewhere else. They live there oppressed, without freedoms. Only this week, they beat up a Christian journalist for speaking out against Hezbollah, and they even threatened the Maronite Patriarch who visited Israel in 2017.
“The oppression of Maronites in Lebanon, as well as the suffocating economic situation led by Iran and Hezbollah, are nothing short of a deliberate policy. Christian youth are migrating more and more from Lebanon, and this is the policy led by the extreme Islamists, aiming to quietly expel the Christian indigenous population from the area – just like the Ottomans did over one hundred years ago.
“On a more optimistic note, Israel can – and should continue to be – an example of coexistence between Jews and Arabs in front of the whole world. Despite all the mistakes that were made, this is a democratic country. As the Aramean minority in Israel, we have the capacity to help correct those mistakes and become a role model for all nations. This is what we will strive to do together, and I believe that we will be able to do it in a good way, and show all the war-mongering actors around us that peace and coexistence – not war – is the answer.”
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s briefing to the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee on Monday put him at odds with the IDF regarding how many haredi the military can absorb in a short amount of time.
Netanyahu said that while he was in favor of increasing haredi integration into the IDF, in practicality, the military needed more time to establish haredi-tailored programs and environments for this to be successful.
The prime minister’s remark comes days after top IDF officials presented a series of highly specific, customized programs for the ultra-Orthodox that are either already open or are “ready to go” as soon as the haredi respond to their military summons. This directly contradicts the prime minister’s words during the briefing.
Netanyahu spoke to the committee in a closed and classified hearing, but portions of what he said were, nevertheless, publicized, including his comments regarding haredi integration into the IDF.
When asked about the issue, Netanyahu said, “We would prefer that anyone who is not studying [in a yeshiva] share the burden [of military service.] But right now, there is a gap between what the army says it can absorb and what it can absorb, so the absorption capacity of the IDF needs to be increased.”
He added that there were intentions to create new frameworks that would allow the haredi to maintain their way of life as well as to respond to operational needs, such as establishing an ultra-Orthodox base along the border with Jordan that would be responsible for defense there.
How to fulfill the IDF’s need for more soldiers
Besides that example, Netanyahu said that the army’s need for more soldiers could be filled by extending the service of mandatory service soldiers as well as calling up a variety of reservists from among the population living in border communities who never responded to their call-ups or were given exemptions.
In contrast to Netanyahu’s statements, seeming to indicate that the IDF cannot absorb a significant increase of haredi men, the military has said repeatedly, dating back to August, that it has been ready to receive an additional 3,000 haredi per year, on top of the approximately 1,800 per year it has already been absorbing.
The announcement in August and the sending of summons to 3,000 members of the ultra-Orthodox community came after months of extensive work and the investment of significant resources to prepare both personnel and bases for a new, major influx.
One new option for service that the IDF has already added for the haredi to make their service more attractive is serving in technical and logistical capacities at hardened aircraft shelters at an air force base section where only men will serve.
Another new option is called the Yoav Track in logistics command centers, which includes fulfilling a wide variety of technical and logistic roles throughout the military, and not just in the Israel Air Force.
Also, though Netanyahu said that the IDF should look into forming a new haredi brigade, the military had already announced last week that on December 26, it would open one, distinct from Netzach Yehuda.
Netzach Yehuda had been the brigade that most of the haredi wanted to join to date. However, it has turned off many of the ultra-orthodox because it has a reputation for being more religious Zionist in nature than haredi.
Additionally, there is a recently established unit of haredi serving at the Ofer detention center, and that program is expected to grow.
Further, a Lt.-Col. with a hassidic Chabad background, who has joined the army. He will be focused on haredi affairs and making sure new inductees are comfortable and are having their needs addressed.
Despite a detailed presentation last week about all of these new service mediums as being already established for haredim, a spokesperson for Netanyahu doubled down on the claim that the IDF was still lacking in its capacity to absorb a major influx of haredi soldiers.
Tovah Lazaroff contributed to this report.
British rocker Paul Weller, Scottish band Primal Scream, and Irish rappers Kneecap will headline a ‘Gig For Gaza’ charity show at London’s O2 Academy Brixton on Dec. 13.
Weller, the former frontman for 1970s punk pioneers The Jam, is curating the show, with all proceeds going to organizations Medical Aid For Palestinians and Gaza Forever, which purportedly provide essential aid – including food, medical supplies, and emergency shelter – for Gazans who have been forced to flee their homes due to the Israel-Hamas War.
“This is an opportunity to enjoy a night of powerful music and make a tangible difference in the lives of people facing unimaginable hardship,” a press release for the show said. The concert will also feature guest speakers and short films.
Weller of Primal Scream performed with Palestinian flag
During a recent tour of the US, Weller, a longtime advocate for leftwing causes, performed with a Palestinian flag draped over his guitar amplifier. Speaking onstage from Glasgow, Scotland, last month, Weller said, “I would like to dedicate that last song to all the tens of thousands of women, children, babies, men, civilians in Palestine and Gaza. I would ask you one question. It’s really simple. There is no grey area. Are you for genocide, or are you against it? It’s a f–-king yes or no question…”
Over the summer, Primal Scream, which formed in the 1980s, gave their support for a jersey design for a Palestinian refugee football team based on their classic record ‘Screamadelica.’
In March, Kneecap withdrew from performing at the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas, after it was revealed that the US Army was a “super sponsor” of the event as well as defense contractor RTX Corporation.
“It is done in solidarity with the people of Palestine and to highlight the unacceptable deep links the festival has to weapons companies,” the group explained of their decision via Instagram. “This will have a significant financial impact on Kneecap… but it isn’t an iota of hardship when compared with the suffering being inflicted on the people of Gaza.
None of the artists appearing nor promo material for the concert mentioned the 101 Israeli hostages being held by Hamas in Gaza, nor the October 7 massacre that killed over 1,200 Israelis and sparked the current war aimed at toppling Hamas.
David Brinn contributed to this report.
Support for a two-state solution in the Middle East among Arab Americans and Palestinians residing in the West Bank and Gaza is on the rise, according to two recent surveys.
The more recent survey from YouGov and Arab News was published on Tuesday. The Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PSR) published the other in September.
A survey of Arab Americans leading up to the US presidential elections found that half of those polled (50%) believed in seeking a two-state solution.
The poll touched upon the future of the conflict and possible resolutions to see its conclusion. Half of Arab-Americans polled believed in seeking a two-state solution with shared governance over Jerusalem. 34% believe that there should be one state where Israelis and Palestinians have equal rights, and 9% stated that they were unsure.A separate poll conducted by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PSR) in September found that support for the concept of the two-state solution among Palestinians continues to rise and has the support of 39% of those polled.
According to PSR, three months prior, support for two states stood at around 32%. Figures were taken from Gaza and the West Bank, at 39% and 38%, respectively.
However, when asked about a separate Palestinian state not linked to the “two-state solution” and when state borders are identified as those of 1967, support rises to 59%, PSR found.
Half of the respondents prefer the two-state solution based on the 1967 borders, while 19% prefer a confederation between the two states of Palestine and Israel. Only 10% prefer establishing a single state with equality between Israelis and Palestinians.
When asked about solving the conflict and reaching statehood, nearly half of Palestinian respondents (48%) said they would choose “armed struggle” as a way to achieve it (50% in the West Bank, 36% in Gaza).
However, a third said they preferred negotiations to end the conflict, and 15% said they would like to see popular peaceful resistance.
International calls for two-states
Recent US administrations and other global actors have called for the end to the ongoing war and to reach a two-state solution between Israelis and Palestinians.
The Biden administration has attempted to broker a hostage and ceasefire deal as a first step. In remarks made ahead of the 79th session of the UN General Assembly in September, US President Joe Biden reiterated his support for a two-state solution.
“As we look ahead, we must also address the rise of violence against innocent Palestinians on the West Bank and set the conditions for a better future, including a two-state solution, where the world — where Israel enjoys security and peace and full recognition and normalized relations with all its neighbors, where Palestinians live in security, dignity, and self-determination in a state of their own,” Biden said.
The survey conducted by Arab News and YouGov was conducted using a sample of 500 Arab Americans across the United States from September 26 to October 1, 2024. The survey data have a margin of error of +/- 5.93%.
The poll conducted by PSR comprised a sample size of 1,200 people, of whom 790 were interviewed face-to-face in the West Bank and 410 in Gaza. The margin of error stood at +/-3.5%.
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