Solar Energy

Research explores wildfire smoke’s effect on solar power generation across US

Published

2 weeks ago

January 10, 2025

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Research explores wildfire smoke’s effect on solar power generation across US

by Clarence Oxford

Los Angeles CA (SPX) Jan 10, 2025

New findings from Colorado State University reveal that while wildfire smoke increasingly blankets vast areas of the United States, its impact on long-term solar power generation remains relatively minimal.

Published in Nature Communications, the study highlights that reductions in average photovoltaic solar output due to wildfire smoke are typically modest, except in regions directly surrounding active fires where dense smoke plumes prevail. Despite recent intense wildfire seasons, photovoltaic power generation has shown stability across the U.S., even during extreme events.

The CSU-led team employed a mix of modeled and historical data spanning multiple wildfire seasons to assess baseline solar resource changes linked to smoke. Postdoctoral Fellow Kimberley Corwin, the paper’s lead author, emphasized the importance of the findings as the nation seeks to expand solar energy’s contribution to its energy mix from 3% to 45%.

“There has been similar research into specific events – particularly around the larger fires in California. Our work, however, goes further and quantifies the effects over large timescales and geographies,” Corwin explained. “We show there are significant impacts to solar power resources near these fires, but that when smoke is transported farther away, as we have seen in the Midwest and along the East Coast recently, it presents much less of a concern in terms of prolonged solar losses. That has implications for where upcoming facilities should be placed for long-term efficiency as well as stability with the grid.”

The research team focused on the effects of smoke on Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) – a measure of total solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface, including both direct and scattered sunlight. GHI is particularly relevant to flat-plate photovoltaic systems, which dominate U.S. solar energy production.

To contextualize their findings, the team analyzed daily case studies from the highly active 2020 wildfire season in California and the quieter 2019 season. These were complemented by monthly and yearly aggregations of smoke impacts at state, regional, and national levels. Advanced satellite-based tools, such as the NOAA Hazard Mapping System Smoke product, helped the researchers measure impacts across varying scales.

The study noted that while smoke plumes from fires in California, Colorado, and Oregon in 2020 reached the East Coast, their effect on solar power was largely transient. “While you do see large reductions close to active fires, that drops off quickly with distance,” Corwin said.

“Substantial losses are specific to the area directly around the fire where the smoke column is denser and therefore blocks more of the light. Meanwhile, the impact of the large, transported plumes that can linger for days but are dilute, is relatively modest compared to the average solar resource change you may see under other conditions. The decreases from transported smoke are only about 5% and – in some places – even less than 2% versus the average in low smoke years.”

Improved battery storage could further mitigate short-term disruptions caused by wildfires, Corwin added. Enhanced storage capacity would enable operators to rely on reserves instead of turning to natural gas to offset temporary power deficits near fire zones.

Corwin initiated this research as part of her doctoral studies in Atmospheric Sciences under Professor Emily Fischer. Her work was supported by funding from NASA, a CSU Food-Energy-Water Systems graduate program, and the CSU SoGES GCRT grant. Co-authors include CSU’s Jesse Burkhardt, Amit Munshi, and Fischer.

Professor Fischer called Corwin’s work a “critical step in understanding the full implications of climate-driven increases in wildfire smoke.” She added, “This paper, and the other chapters of Kimberley’s dissertation, have radically expanded our understanding of how smoke impacts the light at the ground needed for photosynthesis, solar power generation, and also the impacts on other aspects of air quality.”

Research Report:Solar energy resource availability under extreme and historical wildfire smoke conditions

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Solar Energy

Finding better photovoltaic materials faster with AI

Published

23 hours ago

January 24, 2025

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Finding better photovoltaic materials faster with AI

by Robert Schreiber

Berlin, Germany (SPX) Jan 24, 2025

Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nurnberg (HI ERN) have developed a novel AI-driven workflow that dramatically accelerates the discovery of high-efficiency materials for perovskite solar cells. By synthesizing and testing just 150 targeted molecules, the team achieved results that would typically require hundreds of thousands of experiments. “The workflow we have developed will open up new ways to quickly and economically discover high-performance materials for a wide range of applications,” said Professor Christoph Brabec of HI ERN. One of the newly identified materials enhanced the efficiency of a reference solar cell by approximately two percentage points, reaching 26.2 percent.

The research began with a database containing the structural formulas of about one million virtual molecules, each potentially synthesizable from commercially available compounds. From this pool, 13,000 molecules were randomly selected. KIT researchers applied advanced quantum mechanical methods to evaluate key properties such as energy levels, polarity, and molecular geometry.

Training AI with Data from 101 Molecules

Out of the 13,000 molecules, the team chose 101 with the most diverse properties for synthesis and testing at HI ERN’s robotic systems. These molecules were used to fabricate identical solar cells, enabling precise comparisons of their efficiency. “The ability to produce comparable samples through our highly automated synthesis platform was crucial to our strategy’s success,” Brabec explained.

The data obtained from these initial experiments were used to train an AI model. This model then identified 48 additional molecules for synthesis, focusing on those predicted to offer high efficiency or exhibit unique, unforeseen properties. “When the machine learning model is uncertain about a prediction, synthesizing and testing the molecule often leads to surprising results,” said Tenure-track Professor Pascal Friederich from KIT’s Institute of Nanotechnology.

The AI-guided workflow enabled the discovery of molecules capable of producing solar cells with above-average efficiencies, surpassing some of the most advanced materials currently in use. “We can’t be sure we’ve found the best molecule among a million, but we are certainly close to the optimum,” Friederich commented.

AI Versus Chemical Intuition

The researchers also gained valuable insights into the AI’s decision-making process. The AI identified chemical groups, such as amines, that are associated with high efficiency but had been overlooked by traditional chemical intuition. This capability underscores the potential of AI to uncover previously unrecognized opportunities in materials science.

The team believes their AI-driven strategy can be adapted for a wide range of applications beyond perovskite solar cells, including the optimization of entire device components. Their findings were achieved in collaboration with scientists from FAU Erlangen-Nurnberg, South Korea’s Ulsan National Institute of Science, and China’s Xiamen University and University of Electronic Science and Technology. The research was published in the journal Science.

Research Report:Inverse design of molecular hole-transporting semiconductors tailored for perovskite solar cells

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Solar Energy

Scale-up fabrication of perovskite quantum dots

Published

23 hours ago

January 24, 2025

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Scale-up fabrication of perovskite quantum dots

by Simon Mansfield

Sydney, Australia (SPX) Jan 24, 2025

Quantum dots, tiny semiconductor nanomaterials known for their color-tunable and highly efficient photoluminescence, have revolutionized display technologies such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and micro light-emitting diodes (Micro-LEDs). In 2023, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized the discovery and development of quantum dots, underscoring their significance in modern technology.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are a promising class of materials distinguished by their high absorption coefficient, cost-effectiveness, ease of processing, and reduced environmental impact. Their potential for display applications has attracted considerable interest. In 2015, Professor Zhong and his team introduced a groundbreaking method for in-situ fabrication of PQDs within a polymeric matrix. The subsequent establishment of Zhijing Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. in 2016 aimed to advance the scale-up production and application of PQDs in display technologies.

After extensive efforts, the company has developed several in-situ fabrication techniques to enable large-scale manufacturing. These methods include in-situ blade coating, spray drying, extrusion, inkjet printing, and lithography. Recently, the team resolved PQD stability challenges, leading to the integration of PQDs in Skyworth’s TV products. Unlike conventional quantum-dot light-emitting diode (QLED) TVs that utilize 630 nm emissive materials, these innovations introduced deep-red emissive PQDs at 650 nm, enhancing eye care capabilities.

In January 2025, the journal Engineering published a research article titled “Spray-Drying Fabrication of Perovskite Quantum-Dot-Embedded Polymer Microspheres for Display Applications.” This study highlighted the successful scale-up fabrication of PQDs, achieving a production capacity of 2000 kilograms annually. The research also demonstrated the use of PQDs in LCD backlight applications, where PQD-based optical films exhibited exceptional stability under challenging conditions. Aging tests showed brightness decay within 10% after 1000 hours at 60 C with 90% relative humidity and under 70 C conditions with 150 W/m2 455 nm blue light irradiation.

Furthermore, researchers showcased PQD-embedded polymer microspheres as efficient color converters in full-color Micro-LED displays with pixel sizes as small as 10 um. The spray-drying fabrication method provides a cost-effective solution for large-scale PQD production. These PQD-embedded polymer microspheres demonstrated remarkable long-term operational stability, making them highly competitive for use in advanced display technologies.

Research Report:Spray-Drying Fabrication of Perovskite Quantum-Dot-Embedded Polymer Microspheres for Display Applications

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Solar Energy

Solar power surpasses coal in EU for first time

Published

2 days ago

January 23, 2025

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Solar power surpasses coal in EU for first time

by AFP Staff Writers

Paris (AFP) Jan 23, 2025

Solar overtook coal in the European Union’s electricity production in 2024, with the share of renewables rising to almost half the bloc’s power sector, according to a report released Thursday.

Gas generation, meanwhile, declined for the fifth year in a row and fossil-fuelled power dipped to a “historic low”, climate think tank Ember said in its European Electricity Review 2025.

“The European Green Deal has delivered a deep and rapid transformation of the EU power sector,” the think tank said.

“Solar remained the EU’s fastest-growing power source in 2024, rising above coal for the first time. Wind power remained the EU’s second-largest power source, above gas and below nuclear.”

Overall, strong growth in solar and wind have boosted the share of renewables to 47 percent, up from 34 percent in 2019.

Fossil fuels have fallen from 39 to 29 percent.

“A surge in wind and solar generation is the main reason for declining fossil generation. Without wind and solar capacity added since 2019, the EU would have imported 92 billion cubic metres more of fossil gas and 55 million tonnes more of hard coal, costing EUR59 billion,” the report said.

According to Ember, these trends are widespread across Europe, with solar power progressing in all EU countries.

More than half have now either eliminated coal, the most polluting fossil fuel, or reduced its share to less than five percent of their energy mix.

“Fossil fuels are losing their grip on EU energy,” said Chris Rosslowe, lead author of the report.

“At the start of the European Green Deal in 2019, few thought the EU’s energy transition would be where it is today: wind and solar are relegating coal to the margins and pushing gas into decline.”

– Battery storage –

But Rosslowe cautioned much work remains.

“We need to accelerate our efforts, particularly in the wind power sector,” he said.

Europe’s electricity system will also need to increase its storage capacity to make the most of renewable energies, which are by definition intermittent, he added.

In 2024, plentiful solar energy helped drive down prices in the middle of the day, sometimes even resulting in “negative or zero price hours” due to an overabundance of supply compared to demand.

“A readily available solution is a battery co-located with a solar plant. This gives solar power producers more control over the prices they receive and helps them avoid selling for low prices in the middle of the day,” the report said.

The think tank suggested consumers could reduce their bills by shifting usage to periods of abundance (smart electrification), while battery operators could earn revenue from buying power when prices are low and selling it back when demand peaks.

Batteries have advanced significantly in recent years, with installed capacity across the EU doubling to 16 GW in 2023, compared with 8 GW in 2022, according to Ember.

But this capacity is concentrated in just a small number of countries: 70 percent of existing batteries were located in Germany and Italy at the end of 2023.

“More storage and demand flexibility is needed to sustain growth and for consumers to reap the full benefits of abundant solar,” Ember said.

“After a challenging few years for the wind power sector, additions are set to grow, but not by enough to hit EU targets. Closing this gap will require continued policy implementation and political support, such that the rate of additions between now and 2030 is more than double that of recent years.”

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