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World’s largest camera: 3.1 gigapixels for epic timelapse panos of the universe

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World’s largest camera: 3.1 gigapixels for epic timelapse panos of the universe


We have a winner for sensor Top Trumps: the LSST camera is the world’s largest astronomy camera. It’s more than 350 times the size of a full-frame sensor, for reference.

Photo: Jacqueline Ramseyer Orrell/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

“Space,” according to Douglas Adams’ Hitchiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. “is big. Really Big. You just won’t believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it’s a long way down the road to the chemist’s, but that’s just peanuts to space.”

It turns out the same is true of cameras made to map space. You may think your full-frame camera is big but that’s nothing compared to the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) camera recently completed by the US Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

You may have seen it referred to as the size of a small car, but if anything that under-sells it. SLAC has essentially taken all the numbers you might recognize from photography, made each of them much, much bigger and then committed to a stitched time-lapse that it hopes will help to understand dark matter and dark energy.

Unlike many astro and space projects, LSST is recognizably a camera: it has a mechanical shutter, lenses and rear-mounting slot-in filters.

Image: Chris Smith / SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

We got some more details from Andy Rasmussen, SLAC staff physicist and LSST Camera Integration and Testing Scientist.

The LSST has a 3100 megapixel imaging surface. That surface is an array made up of 189 individual sensors, each of which is a 41 x 40mm 16.4MP CCD. Each of these sensors is larger than consumer-level medium format and when arranged together gives an imaging circle of 634mm (24.9″). That’s a crop factor of 0.068x for those playing along at home.

The individual pixels are 10μm in size, making each one nearly three times the area of the pixels in a 24MP full-frame sensor or seven times the size of those in a 26MP APS-C, 61MP full-frame or 100MP 44 x 33 medium format model.

To utilize this vast sensor, the LSST has a lens with three elements, one of which is recognized by Guinness World Records as “the world’s largest high-performance optical lens ever fabricated.” The front element is 1.57m in diameter (5.1 ft), with the other two a mere 1.2m (3.9 ft) and 72cm (2.4 ft) across. Behind this assembly can be slotted one of six 76cm (2.5 ft) filters that allow the camera to only capture specific wavelengths of light.

One of the six 76cm (2.5 ft) filters that are swapped over, typically once the camera has shot a set of images of the 1000 regions of the sky it captures.

Photo: Jacqueline Ramseyer Orrell/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

This camera is then mounted as part of a telescope with a 10m effective focal length, giving a 3.5 degree diagonal angle of view (around a 634mm equiv lens, in full-frame terms). Rasumussen puts this in context: “the outer diameter of the primary mirror is 8.4 meters. Divide the two, and this is why the system operates at f/1.2.”

That’s f/0.08 equivalent (or around eight stops more light if you can’t remember the multiples of the square root of two for numbers that small).

Each 16MP chip has sixteen readout channels leading to separate amplifiers, each of which is read-out at 500k px/sec, meaning that it takes two seconds. All 3216 channels are read-out simultaneously. The chips will be maintained at a temperature of -100°C (-148°F) to keep dark current down: Rasmussen quotes a figure of < 0.01 electrons / pixel / second.

But the camera won’t just be used to capture phenomenally high-resolution images. Instead it’ll be put to work shooting a timelapse series of stitched panos.

The sensor array under construction in 2020. Each of the sensors in the 3 x 3 array being installed is a 41 x 40mm chip. The final camera uses 189 of these imaging sensors, plus another 8 for positioning the camera, along with 8 wavefront sensors at the corners of the array.

Photo: Farrin Abbott/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

The camera, which will be installed at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, will shoot a series of 30 second exposures (or pairs of 15 second exposures, depending on the noise consequences for the different wavelength bands) of around 1000 sections of the Southern sky. Each region will be photographed six times, typically using the same filter for all 1000 regions before switching to the next, over the course of about seven days.

This whole process will then be repeated around 1000 times over a ten-year period to create a timelapse that should allow scientists to better understand the expansion of the universe, as well as allowing the observation of events such as supernova explosions that occur during that time.

The sensors, created by Teledyne e2v, are sensitive to a very broad range of light “starting around 320nm where the atmosphere begins to be transparent,” says Rasmussen: “all the way in the near-infrared where silicon becomes transparent (1050nm),”

The sensors, developed in around 2014, are 100μm thick: a trade-off between enhanced sensitivity to red light and the charge spread that occurs as you use deeper and deeper pixels.

No battery life figures were given, but the cost is reported as being around $168M.



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A nature photography tour of Madagascar, Part 3: Kirindy Forest

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A nature photography tour of Madagascar, Part 3: Kirindy Forest


In the last two articles in this series, I wrote about my visits to Andasibe National Park, where I photographed lemurs and chameleons, and Tsingy Rouge National Park, where I saw beautiful erosion-formed formations. This time, I’d like to write about my visit to Kirindy Forest.

A Verreaux’s Sifaka, my favorite lemur species in Kirindy, feeding in a tree. The eyes on some of these lemur species are incredible.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
150mm, 1/1000 sec, F6.3, ISO 800

Kirindy Forest (or Kirindy Private Reserve) is a private nature reserve located in the west of Madagascar. The forest is home to a wide variety of animals, from many species of lemurs to fossas (a very weird-looking predator) to geckos and chameleons. Numerous species of plants and trees are also found in the region, the most famous and iconic of which is the baobab tree.

Baobab trees under post-sunset glow. The gaps between the trees made it easier to compose without creating overlap.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Canon 70-300mm F4-5.6
83mm, 13 sec, F11, ISO 200

From a photographic point of view, Kirindy is nothing less than a paradise and was one of my favorite locations on my month-long Madagascar trip. The wildlife is surprisingly easy to find and photograph (with many highly skilled and cheerful guides available on the premises), the baobabs are easy to get to, and there are comfortable accommodation options close by. The only bad thing is the Wi-Fi connection.

Lemurs are one family of primates Kirindy has no shortage of. There are no less than eight lemur species here, from the tiny Madame Berthe’s Mouse Lemur (the smallest primate in the world, weighing 30 grams) to red-fronted lemurs, sportive lemurs and sifakas. I photographed all of Kirindy’s diurnal species in three days, which shows how easy they are to find with a good guide. As to being easy to photograph, that’s a different story.

Red-fronted lemur

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
347mm, 1/125 sec, F5.6, ISO 400

The easiest species to find in Kirindy is the red-fronted lemur. They are small and relatively common, so one could say they’re also the least exciting of the local lemur species, but I found them to be very cute and expressive subjects.

Unfortunately due to massive deforestation and climate change, Madagascar’s lemurs are losing their ability to migrate and access water. Authorities are trying to help them by giving them water. The red-fronted lemurs are, therefore, much less averse to getting close to humans. I really hope this doesn’t hurt them in the long run.

A red-fronted lemur is feeding in a tree. Its interaction with its environment is what makes this image. These animals are cathemeral, meaning that they are active during the day and at night, especially during the full moon.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
403mm, 1/250 sec, F6.3, ISO 800

The interestingly named sportive lemurs appear not to be sportive at all. Most of the time, they rest in the trees to digest the plants they have eaten. But during the mating season, male sportive lemurs have been observed to box with each other, which gave them their unusual name.

This sportive lemur looked like it had one too many drinks the previous night!

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
516 mm, 1/500 sec, F6.3, ISO 1600

The crown jewel of Kirindy’s wildlife selection (in my opinion) is the Verreaux’s sifaka, a beautiful, medium-sized lemur. Its thick and silky fur is mostly white, other than dark brown patches on the top of the head, face and arms. Like all sifakas, it has a long tail that it uses as a balance when leaping from tree to tree, where they are capable of making remarkable leaps. Distances of 9–10m (30ft) are not uncommon.

A Verreaux’s sifaka lemur, beautifully framed between tree branches. Those eyes are to die for!

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, , Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
531mm, 1/320 sec, F6.3, ISO 800

As a rule, the better composed the jumping shots I got, the worse the sharpness was on them. These guys are notoriously hard to catch when jumping. Here’s an effort, with the sifaka showing its trademark Superman-style jump.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
150mm, 1/2500 sec, F5.6, ISO 800

Unfortunately, sifakas are very hard to photograph. They tend to stay very high up in the trees, which keeps them both far away and at awkward angles. This forces the photographer to use longer lenses, which becomes surprisingly tiresome when hand-holding the camera. I wanted to shoot at eye level but ended up shooting upward the vast majority of the time. They also just love hopping from tree to tree exactly when a photographer has finally found a good composition.

This sifaka looked like something out of a Dr. Seuss book. Note the shooting angle is less than optimal here, due to the height of the tree it was sitting on.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
302mm, 1/800 sec, F5.6, ISO 400

As beautiful as they are shy. A lucky eye-level shot.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
421mm, 1/1000 sec, F6.3, ISO 800

My visit to Madagascar was during baby season for lemurs, which was wonderful. I ended up seeing many species carrying very young and impossibly cute baby lemurs, and the sifakas were no different.

Again, the challenge was the distance and their tendency to move around all the time, probably even more so when carrying babies. Unfortunately, about 30% of infants are lost to predators like the fossa, a cat-like mammal, and a smaller number to raptors such as the Madagascar harrier-hawk.

For the first 6-8 weeks, the infant clings to the mother’s stomach, but for the following 19 weeks, it clings to her back. During my trip, I saw infants up to 8 weeks old. I guess the signature eyes are there from birth!

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
600mm, 1/500 sec, F6.3, ISO 800

A lucky closer-range, eye-level shot of a baby sifaka in its mother’s fur.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
600mm, 1/125 sec, F6.3, ISO 800

I’m not much of a bird photographer, but several beautiful owl species are in Kirindy, and they were relatively easy to find.

Madagascar scops owl

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
516mm, 1/250 sec, F6.3, ISO 400

White-browed owl

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Sigma 150-600mm F5-6.3
283mm, 1/160 sec, F5.6, ISO 400

Finally, the Kirindy area was once home to a huge forest of baobabs. Not many remain, but those that are still there are huge and impressive. It was fun photographing a group of baobabs in the late afternoon and early evening, under direct light and during post-sunset glow.

The more baobabs close together in one location, the harder they are to compose, but if you manage to combine multiple elements into one shot in a satisfying way, then perhaps you’ve achieved something.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Canon 11-24mm
19mm, 1/100 sec, F14, ISO 100

Here, I used the gaps between the foreground trees to frame the background trees.

Canon EOS 5D Mark IV, Canon 70-300mm F4-5.6
84mm, 0.8 sec, F14, ISO 100

I highly recommend visiting Kirindy Forest if you’re interested in Madagascar’s wildlife. The concentration of fascinating species and relaxed atmosphere are unmatched.

In the next article in this series, I will write about my journey from Tsingy De Bemaraha National Park to Isalo.


Erez Marom is a professional nature photographer, photography guide and traveler based in Israel. You can follow Erez’s work on Instagram and Facebook, and subscribe to his mailing list for updates and to his YouTube channel.

If you’d like to experience and shoot some of the world’s most fascinating landscapes with Erez as your guide, take a look at his unique photography workshops in Madagascar, Greenland, the Lofoten Islands, Namibia and Vietnam.

Erez also offers video tutorials discussing his images and explaining how he achieved them.

More in this Series:

Selected Articles by Erez Marom:





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DPReview Rewind: the birth of the Canon EOS D30, its first ‘home grown’ DSLR

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DPReview Rewind: the birth of the Canon EOS D30, its first ‘home grown’ DSLR


In the early days of digital, cameras were big, bulky, expensive and mostly out of reach for people unwilling to shell out professional-level MSRPs. Then came the Canon EOS D30, a landmark camera that introduced a slew of film photographers to digital, inspiring photojournalists to give up high-end film cameras and a new generation of wedding photographers, portraits and landscape artists to dip into the DSLR pool.

At $3000, it was not cheap, but it was within reach of a new category of camera buyer, the ‘prosumer.’

During our 25th anniversary year, we’re looking back at some of the milestones in camera history. On this day in history, on May 17, way back in the year 2000, the D30 was announced as Canon’s first built-from-the-ground-up in-house DSLR. Up to this point, Canon’s DSLRs (the EOS D2000 and EOS D6000) were joint ventures with Kodak. These cameras married Kokak internals with Canon bodies.

With the new camera, Canon was doing it all themselves, including designing a new body, its own sensors and processors and the introduction of its own RAW and JPEG engines. It would also become the first DSLR with an APS-C format CMOS sensor, a blistering 3.25MP beast capable of 3 RAW image bursts (or 9 Fine JPEG) and a full day of shooting on a single charge. It was pretty cutting-edge for the time.

The camera would arrive on store shelves in time for the holidays. In our review, dated Oct 10, 2000, we noted the monumental task that Canon had taken on. They had not only taken on building a camera on their own and decided to use a relatively new high-resolution CMOS sensor at a time when CMOS struggled with high megapixel builds, but they also had to know consumers would be comparing their camera to the previously announced, although not yet released, Nikon D1.

But Canon had pulled it off, and we were impressed, writing: “Canon’s engineers, designers and developers haven’t let them down, the D30 WILL go down in history books as a very important camera, breaking a price barrier and opening up the digital SLR market (more so than Fujifilm’s S1 Pro) to a new wave of users, both new and old. From the minute you pick up the D30 … you get a feeling of quality you weren’t expecting.”

Revisit our Canon EOS D30 review



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DPReview Rewind: the birth of the Canon EOS D30, its first ‘home grown’ DSLR

Published

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DPReview Rewind: the birth of the Canon EOS D30, its first ‘home grown’ DSLR


In the early days of digital, cameras were big, bulky, expensive and mostly out of reach for people unwilling to shell out professional-level MSRPs. Then came the Canon EOS D30, a landmark camera that introduced a slew of film photographers to digital, inspiring photojournalists to give up high-end film cameras and a new generation of wedding photographers, portraits and landscape artists to dip into the DSLR pool.

At $3000, it was not cheap, but it was within reach of a new category of camera buyer, the ‘prosumer.’

During our 25th anniversary year, we’re looking back at some of the milestones in camera history. On this day in history, on May 17, way back in the year 2000, the D30 was announced as Canon’s first built-from-the-ground-up in-house DSLR. Up to this point, Canon’s DSLRs (the EOS D2000 and EOS D6000) were joint ventures with Kodak. These cameras married Kodak internals with Canon bodies.

With the new camera, Canon was doing it all themselves, including designing a new body, its own sensors and processors and the introduction of its own RAW and JPEG engines. It would also become the first DSLR with an APS-C format CMOS sensor, a blistering 3.25MP beast capable of 3 Raw image bursts (or 9 Fine JPEG) and a full day of shooting on a single charge. It was pretty cutting-edge for the time.

The camera would arrive on store shelves in time for the holidays. In our review, dated Oct 10, 2000, we noted the monumental task that Canon had taken on. They had not only taken on building a camera on their own and decided to use a relatively new high-resolution CMOS sensor at a time when CMOS struggled with high megapixel builds, but they also had to know consumers would be comparing their camera to the previously announced, although not yet released, Nikon D1.

But Canon had pulled it off, and we were impressed, writing: “Canon’s engineers, designers and developers haven’t let them down, the D30 WILL go down in history books as a very important camera, breaking a price barrier and opening up the digital SLR market (more so than Fujifilm’s S1 Pro) to a new wave of users, both new and old. From the minute you pick up the D30 … you get a feeling of quality you weren’t expecting.”

Revisit our Canon EOS D30 review



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